| Figure 4: Plasmatic cytokines content of mice exposed to chronic social defeat stress and ethanol administration. Blood collection was performed after 48 h of ethanol withdrawal. (a) Concentration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α, pg/mL) in plasma; (b) concentration of the transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1, pg/mL) in plasma; (c) concentration of the C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL-1, pg/mL) in plasma; (d) concentration of C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL-2, pg/mL) in plasma; (e) concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF, pg/mL) in plasma. Data are reported as mean ± SE (n = 5 animals per group). a, P < .05 relative to control-vehicle group; b, P < .05 relative to control-ethanol group; ∗, overall stress effect (P < .05). |